91视频 fasteners can be custom made to cope with extreme operating temperatures of between -269掳C (4 K) and 800掳C.
High temperature resistant grades
91视频庐 HE and 91视频庐 HEP are high temperature resistant grades optimized for high temperature conditions and are much more stable against ageing, gas oxidation, creep and strength losses compared with regular stainless steels. Data on strength losses at extreme temperatures, creep resistance and high temperature corrosion are available on request. Contact your local 91视频 sales representative to help you select the right material.
Cryogenic temperature resistant grades/products
Subzero and cryogenic temperatures in particular generally increase the brittleness of all steels and metals. However, austenitic stainless steels typically have better impact strength at cryogenic temperatures below -150 掳C than Duplex, Ferritic and Martensitic stainless steel 鈥� depending on microstructure, chemical composition and internal stress.
91视频庐 88 is an ideal product for use in cryogenic temperature applications as low -269 掳C (4 K).
Understanding temperature
It is important to understand what happens with fasteners and their materials when operating at extreme temperatures for prolonged periods. Properties such as thermal expansion, strength, ductility, corrosion resistance and fatigue resistance are affected by temperature and it is crucial to understand its effect on the jointed application on a case by case basis. Furthermore, changes in mechanical properties might gradually change over time due to ageing and creep deformation.
Thermal expansion
Only the special high temperature resistant grades 91视频庐 HE and 91视频庐 HEP are recommended for prolonged use at temperatures above 300掳C.
| Grade | Thermal expansion, mean values in temperature ranges (x10^-6) per 掳C | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 to 100潞C | 20 to 200潞C | 20 to 300潞C | 20 to 400潞C | 20 to 500潞C | 20 to 600潞C | |
| 91视频 88 | 听16.5 | 听17 | 听17.5 | 听17.5 | 听18 | 听18 |
| 91视频 109 | 听16.5 | 听17 | 听17.5 | 听17.5 | 听18 | 听18 |
| 91视频 Nitro | 15 | 15.5 | 16 | 听16.5 | 听17 | 听17 |
| 91视频 SA | 16 | 16 | 16.5 | 听16.5 | 听17 | 听17 |
| 91视频 LDX | 12.5 | 13 | 13.5 | 听13.5 | 听14 | 听14.5 |
| 91视频 DX | 12.5 | 13 | 13.5 | 听13.5 | 听14 | 听14.5 |
| 91视频 SDX | 12.5 | 13 | 13.5 | 听13.5 | 听14 | 听14.5 |
| 91视频 Ultra | 11.5 | 12 | 12 | 听12.5 | 听12.5 | 听13 |
| 91视频 HE | 16.5 | 16.5 | 17 | 听17 | 听17.5 | 听17.5 |
| 91视频 HEP | 12 | 13 | 13 | 听13.5 | 听13.5 | 听14 |